Let's Honor Martin Luther Jr. Day
From Thoughtco.com
by Alane
Lim
Updated September 21, 2018
The science of deja vu
If you’ve ever had the feeling that
a situation feels very familiar even though you know it shouldn’t feel familiar
at all, like if you’re traveling in a city for the very first time, then you’ve
probably experienced déjà vu. Déjà vu, which means “already seen” in
French, combines objective unfamiliarity – that you know, based on ample
evidence, that something shouldn’t be familiar – with subjective
familiarity – that feeling that it’s familiar anyway.
Déjà vu is common. According to a
paper published in 2004, more than 50 surveys on déjà vu suggested that about
two-thirds of individuals have experienced it at least once in their lifetime,
with many reporting multiple experiences. This reported number also appears to
be growing as people become more aware of what déjà vu is.
Most often, déjà vu is described in
terms of what you see, but it’s not specific to vision and even people who were
born blind can experience it.
Measuring
Déjà Vu
Déjà vu is difficult to study in the
laboratory because it is a fleeting experience, and also because there is no
clearly identifiable trigger for it. Nevertheless, researchers have used
several tools to study the phenomenon, based on the hypotheses they’ve put
forward. Researchers may survey participants; study possibly related processes,
especially those involved in memory; or design other experiments to probe déjà
vu.
Because déjà vu is hard to measure,
researchers have postulated many explanations for how it works. Below are
several of the more prominent hypotheses.
Memory Explanations
Memory explanations of déjà vu are
based on the idea that you have previously experienced a situation, or
something very much like it, but you don’t consciously remember that you
have. Instead, you remember it unconsciously, which is why it feels
familiar even though you don’t know why.
Single element familiarity
The single element familiarity
hypothesis suggests you experience déjà vu if one element of the scene is
familiar to you but you don’t consciously recognize it because it’s in a
different setting, like if you see your barber out on the street.
Your brain still finds your barber
familiar even if you don’t recognize them, and generalizes that feeling of
familiarity to the entire scene. Other researchers have extended this
hypothesis to multiple elements as well.
Gestalt familiarity
The gestalt familiarity hypothesis
focuses on how items are organized in a scene and how déjà vu occurs when you
experience something with a similar layout. For example, you may not have seen
your friend’s painting in their living room before, but maybe you’ve seen a
room that’s laid out like your friend’s living room – a painting hanging over
the sofa, across from a bookcase. Since you can’t recall the other room, you
experience déjà vu.
One advantage to the gestalt
similarity hypothesis is that it can be more directly tested. In one study, participants looked at rooms in
virtual reality, then were asked how familiar a new room was and whether they
felt they were experiencing déjà vu.
The researchers found that study
participants who couldn’t recall the old rooms tended to think a new room was
familiar, and that they were experiencing déjà vu, if the new room resembled
old ones. Furthermore, the more similar the new room was to an old room, the
higher these ratings were.
Neurological Explanations
Spontaneous brain activity
Some explanations posit
that déjà vu is experienced when there is spontaneous brain activity
unrelated to what you’re currently experiencing. When that happens in the part
of your brain dealing with memory, you can have a false feeling of familiarity.
Some evidence comes from individuals
with temporal lobe epilepsy, when abnormal
electrical activity occurs in the part of the brain dealing with memory. When
the brains of these patients are electrically stimulated as part of a
pre-surgery evaluation, they may experience déjà vu.
One researcher suggests that you
experience déjà vu when the parahippocampal system, which helps
identify something as familiar, randomly misfires and makes you think something
is familiar when it shouldn’t.
Others have said that
déjà vu can’t be isolated to a single familiarity system, but rather involves
multiple structures involved in memory and the connections between them.
Neural transmission speed
Other hypotheses are based on how
fast information travels through your brain. Different areas of your brain
transmit information to “higher order” areas that combine the information
together to help you make sense of the world. If this complex process is
disrupted in any way – perhaps one part sends something more slowly or more
quickly than it usually does – then your brain interprets your surroundings
incorrectly.
Which
Explanation is Correct?
An explanation for déjà vu remains
elusive, though the hypotheses above appear to have one common thread: a
temporary error in cognitive processing. For now, scientists can continue to
design experiments that more directly probe the nature of déjà vu, to be more
certain of the correct explanation.
Sources
|
items for which January is the official month
January 1st: New Year’s Day
January 1st: World Day of Peace
January 9th: National Law Enforcement Appreciation Day (Thin Blue Line)
January 11th: National Human Trafficking Awareness Day (Blue)
January 12th: National Pharmacist Day
January 19th: World Religion Day
January 20th: Martin Luther King Jr. Day
January 25th: Chinese New Year (Year of the Rat)
January 26- February 1: Catholic School Week
Cervical Cancer Awareness Month (Teal)
Glaucoma Awareness Month (Green)
Thyroid Awareness Month (Pink-Purple-Teal)
Blood Donor Month (Red)
Birth Defects Awareness Month (Pink-Blue)
National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month (Blue)
|
Every year
millions of Americans find themselves unable to vote because they miss a
registration deadline, don’t update their registration, or aren’t sure how to
register.
Our partners at Vote Forward have made it easy to contact historically under-represented, not-yet-registered voters living in key 2020 swing states to provide them with everything they need to register to vote.
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air
gapping
|
| Air
gapping is a security measure that involves physically isolating a
computer or network to prevent it from connecting directly or wirelessly to
other systems that can connect to the Internet. Air gapping is used to
protect many types of critical systems, including those that support the
stock market, the military, the government and industrial power industries.
To prevent unauthorized data extrusion
through electromagnetic or electronic exploits, there must be a specified
amount of space between the air-gapped system and outside walls and between
its wires and the wires for other technical equipment. In the United States,
the U.S. National Security Agency TEMPEST project provides best practices for
using air gaps as a security measure.
For a system with extremely sensitive data,
a Faraday cage can be used to prevent electromagnetic radiation (EMR) escaping
from the air-gapped equipment. Although such measures may seem extreme, van
Eck phreaking can be used to intercept data such as key strokes or screen
images from demodulated EMR waves, using special equipment from some distance
away. Other proof-of-concept (POC) attacks for air- gapped systems have shown
that electromagnetic emanations from infected sound cards on isolated
computers can be exploited and continuous wave irradiation can be used to
reflect and gather information from isolated screens, keyboards and other
computer components.
As of this writing, the Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is awarding grants for prototype hardware
and software designs that will keep sensitive data physically isolated. The
grants are made possible under the Guaranteed Architecture for Physical
Security (GAPS) program.
Enhancing air-gapped security
measures
The problem with physical separation as a
security technique is that, as complexity increases in some system or network
to be isolated, so does the likelihood that some unknown or unauthorized
external connection will arise.
Perhaps the most important way to protect a
computing device or network from an air gap attack is through end user
security awareness training. The infamous Stuxnet worm, which was designed to
attack air-gapped industrial control systems, is thought to have been
introduced by infected thumb drives found by employees or obtained as free
giveaways.
The software-defined
perimeter (SDP) framework is another tool network engineers can use to create
a type of "virtual air gapping" through policy enforcement. SDP
requires external endpoints that want to access internal infrastructure to
comply with authentication policies and ensures that only authenticated
systems can see internal IP addresses. |
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