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A.M. stands for ante meridiem and is sometimes
abbreviated a.m. or am. A.M. means before noon and refers to morning. It starts
just after midnight.
P.M.
P.M. stands for post meridiem and is sometimes
abbreviated p.m. or pm. P.M. refers to afternoon and evening. P.M. starts just
after noon.
Etc.
The very familiar Latin abbreviation etc. stands for et
cetera 'and the rest' or 'and so forth'. In English, we use the word
etcetera or et cetera without necessarily being aware it is actually Latin.
If you want to say 'for example,' you would use 'e.g.' Here
is an example:
- Some
of the Julio-Claudian emperors, e.g., Caligula, were said to be
insane.
I.E.
If you want to say 'that is,' you would use 'i.e.' Here is
an example:
- The
last of the Julio-Claudians, i.e., Nero....
In Citations
Ibid
Ibid., from ibidem means 'the same' or 'in the same
place.' You would use ibid.
to refer to the same author and work (e.g., book, html page,
or journal article) as the one immediately preceding.
Op. Cit.
Op. cit. comes from the Latin opus citatum or opere
citato 'work cited.' Op. cit. is used when ibid. is inappropriate
because the immediately preceding work is not the same. You would only use op.
cit. if you have already cited the work in question.
Et Seq.
To refer to a certain page or passage and those that follow
it, you may find the abbreviation 'et seq.' This abbreviation ends in a
period.
Sc.
The abbreviation sc. or scil. means 'namely'. Wikipedia says
it is in the process of being replaced by i.e.
Latin Abbreviations of Comparison
q.v. and c.f.
You would use q.v. if you wanted to make reference to
something elsewhere in your paper; while
c.f. would be more appropriate for a comparison with an outside work.
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Good Netiquette
And A Green Internet To All! =====================================================================
Tabula Rosa Systems - Tabula Rosa
Systems (TRS) is dedicated to providing Best of Breed Technology and
Best of Class Professional Services to our Clients. We have a portfolio of products which we
have selected for their capabilities, viability and value. TRS provides
product, design, implementation and support services on all products that we
represent. Additionally, TRS provides expertise in Network Analysis, eBusiness
Application Profiling, ePolicy and eBusiness Troubleshooting.
We can be contacted at:
sales@tabularosa.net
or 609 818 1802.
===============================================================
In addition to
this blog, Netiquette IQ has a
website with great assets which are being added to on a regular basis. I have
authored the premiere book on Netiquette, “Netiquette IQ - A Comprehensive
Guide to Improve, Enhance and Add Power to Your Email". My new book,
“You’re Hired! Super Charge Your Email Skills in 60 Minutes. . . And Get That
Job!” has just been published and will be followed by a trilogy of books on
Netiquette for young people. You can view my profile, reviews of the book and
content excerpts at:
Anyone who
would like to review the book and have it posted on my blog or website, please
contact me paul@netiquetteiq.com.
In
addition to this blog, I maintain a radio show on BlogtalkRadio and an online newsletter via paper.li.I have established
Netiquette discussion groups with Linkedin and Yahoo. I am also a member of the
International Business Etiquette and Protocol Group and Minding Manners among
others. I regularly consult for the Gerson Lehrman Group, a worldwide network
of subject matter experts and I have been contributing to the blogs Everything Email and emailmonday . My work has appeared in numerous
publications and I have presented to groups such as The Breakfast Club of
NJ
and PSG of Mercer County.
Commonly Confused Words
by Richard Nordquist from thoughtco.com
Updated September 25, 2017
In formal English, quotation is a noun (as in "a quotation from
Shakespeare") and quote is a verb ("She likes to quote
Shakespeare"). However, in everyday speech and informal English, quote
is often treated as a shortened form of quotation.
Definitions
The noun quotation refers to a group of words taken
from a text or speech and repeated by someone other than
the original author or speaker.
- An
indirect
quotation is a paraphrase of someone else's words: it
reports on what a person said without using his or her exact words.
Indirect quotations are not placed inside quotation marks.
The verb quote means to repeat a group of words
originally written or spoken by another person. In informal speech and writing,
quote is sometimes used as a shortened form of the noun quotation.
See usage notes below.
Examples
- "She
remembered a quotation she'd read recently, the words of H.L.
Mencken: 'Nothing can come out of an artist that is not in the man.'"
(Hilary Sloin, Art on Fire. Bywater, 2012)
- "Relying
on numerous interviews of parents and children with a wide range of skin
colors, [Lori] Tharps proves the quotation by the social
scientist Frank Sulloway to be painfully true: 'No social injustice is
felt more deeply than that suffered within one's own family.'"
(Allyson Hobbs, "I'm Not the Nanny: Multiracial Families and
Colorism." The New York Times, November 3, 2016)
- "Many
times I have wanted to quote Topsy, the young black girl in Uncle
Tom's Cabin. I have been tempted to say, 'I dunno. I just
growed.'"
(Maya Angelou, Mom & Me & Mom. Random House, 2013)
- "[V]ery
few quotes in newspapers are completely accurate in the sense
of being faithful to the false starts and hesitancies of the spoken
word."
(Ian Jack, "Should We Quote Swear Words? I'm Not Sure They're
Absolutely Necessary." The Guardian [UK], September 20,
2013)
Usage Notes
- "The
noun quote, short for quotation, was first recorded in 1888.
... This sense of quote has met with strong disapproval in some
quarters. Such commentators as Bernstein 1965, Follett 1966, Shaw 1977,
and Trimmer & McCrimmon 1988 have disparaged its use in writing, and
the Heritage 1969, 1982 usage panel rejected it by a large majority (the
2000 panel has lightened up). Some other critics, however, have taken a
more tolerant view. Harper 1985, for example, accepts its use in writing
that has 'a conversational tone,' and Bremner 1980 calls it 'standard in
the publishing business.'
"The noun quote is now widely used in standard if mostly
casual writing, ... but there are still times when it seems most
appropriate to choose quotation instead. We recommend that you let
your own judgment of the writing situation and your sense of idiom be your guide."
(Merriam-Webster's Concise Dictionary of English Usage, 2002)
- "The
problem with quotation is that, to the writer who hopes to deliver
goods quickly, the three syllables sound and read as if they
were slowing the sentence down. The single syllable of quote,
meanwhile, sounds apt to such a writer. And it sounds more and more
natural all the time, as it seems to predominate in spoken English. So although it remains
informal for now, it's gaining ground in formal prose."
(Bryan A. Garner, Garner's Modern English Usage, 4th ed.
Oxford University Press, 2016) (a) Melinda begins each of her essays with
a familiar quotation.
(b) When he can't think of an answer, Gus likes to quote a song
lyric.
======================
Good Netiquette
And A Green Internet To All! =====================================================================
Tabula Rosa Systems - Tabula Rosa
Systems (TRS) is dedicated to providing Best of Breed Technology and
Best of Class Professional Services to our Clients. We have a portfolio of products which we
have selected for their capabilities, viability and value. TRS provides
product, design, implementation and support services on all products that we
represent. Additionally, TRS provides expertise in Network Analysis, eBusiness
Application Profiling, ePolicy and eBusiness Troubleshooting.
We can be contacted at:
sales@tabularosa.net
or 609 818 1802.
===============================================================
In addition to
this blog, Netiquette IQ has a
website with great assets which are being added to on a regular basis. I have
authored the premiere book on Netiquette, “Netiquette IQ - A Comprehensive
Guide to Improve, Enhance and Add Power to Your Email". My new book,
“You’re Hired! Super Charge Your Email Skills in 60 Minutes. . . And Get That
Job!” has just been published and will be followed by a trilogy of books on
Netiquette for young people. You can view my profile, reviews of the book and
content excerpts at:
Anyone who
would like to review the book and have it posted on my blog or website, please
contact me paul@netiquetteiq.com.
In
addition to this blog, I maintain a radio show on BlogtalkRadio and an online newsletter via paper.li.I have established
Netiquette discussion groups with Linkedin and Yahoo. I am also a member of the
International Business Etiquette and Protocol Group and Minding Manners among
others. I regularly consult for the Gerson Lehrman Group, a worldwide network
of subject matter experts and I have been contributing to the blogs Everything Email and emailmonday . My work has appeared in numerous
publications and I have presented to groups such as The Breakfast Club of
NJ
and PSG of Mercer County.
