Wednesday, November 21, 2018

Tabula Rosa Blog Of 11/21/2018 Hyperbaton Etymology – definition via Wikipedia








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Hyperbaton 
 
Etymology – definition via Wikipedia



 
Etymology
"Hyperbaton" is a word borrowed from the Greek hyperbaton (ὑπέρβατον), meaning "stepping over," which is derived from hyper ("over") and bainein ("to step"), with the -tos verbal adjective suffix. The idea is that to understand the phrase, the reader has to "step over" the words inserted in between.
Classical usag
The separation of connected words for emphasis or effect is possible to a much greater degree in highly inflected languages,[5] where sentence meaning does not depend closely on word order. In Latin and Ancient Greek, the effect of hyperbaton is often to emphasize the first word. It has been called "perhaps the most distinctively alien feature of Latin word order."[1] Donatus, in his work On tropes, includes under hyperbaton five varieties: hysterologia, anastrophe (for which the term hyperbaton is sometimes used loosely as a synonym), parenthesis, tmesis, and synchysis.
Greek
  • ὑφ' ἑνὸς τοιαῦτα πέπονθεν ἡ Ἑλλὰς ἀνθρώπου (huph' henòs toiaûta péponthen hē Hellàs anthrṓpou) (Demosthenes 18.158)
"Greece has suffered such things at the hands of only one person"
In the above example, the word "(only) one", henos, occurs in its normal place after the preposition "at the hands of" (hupo), but "person" (anthrōpou) is unnaturally delayed, giving emphasis to "only one."
  • πρός σε γονάτων (prós se gonátōn) (occurs several times in Euripides)
"[I entreat] you by your knees"
Here the word "you" (se) divides the preposition "by" from its object "knees."
  • τίνα ἔχει δύναμιν; (tína ékhei dúnamin?) (Plato, Republic 358b)
"What power does it have?"[6]
New Testament Greek[edit]
Hyperbaton is also common in New Testament Greek, for example:[7]
  • οὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος πολλὰ ποιεῖ σημεῖα (hoûtos ho ánthrōpos pollà poieî sēmeîa) (John 11:47)
"This man is performing many signs" (not merely a few)
  • διὰ τὸ ἐγγὺς εἶναι Ἰερουσαλὴμ αὐτόν (dià tò engùs eînai Ierousalḕm autón) (Luke 19:11)
"because of him being near Jerusalem" (not far)
  • ἴδετε πηλίκοις ὑμῖν γράμμασιν ἔγραψα τῇ ἐμῇ χειρί (ídete pēlíkois humîn grámmasin égrapsa têi emêi kheirí) (Paul, Galatians 6:11)
"See, I have written to you with big letters in my own hand" (not small ones)
  • ταλαίπωρος ἐγὼ ἄνθρωπος (talaípōros egṑ ánthrōpos) (Paul, Romans 7:24)
"I (am) a wretched man" (not a fortunate one)
In all these examples and others in the New Testament, the first word of the hyperbaton is an adjective or adverb which is emphasised by being separated from the following noun. The separating word can be a verb, noun, or pronoun.[8]
Latin
Prose]
In Latin hyperbaton is frequently found, both in prose and verse. The following examples come from prose writers. Often there is an implied contrast between the first word of the hyperbaton and its opposite:[9]
  • meo tu epistulam dedisti servo? (Plautus, Pseudolus 1203)
"You gave the letter to my slave (i.e. not your own)?"
  • duas a te accepi epistulas heri (Cicero, Att., 14.2.1)
"I received two letters (duas epistulas) from you yesterday" (not just one).
  • hae permanserunt aquae dies complures. (Caesar, B.C. 1.50.1):
"This time the flood (hae aquae) lasted (permanserunt) several days" (unlike the earlier one).
  • ille sic dies (Cicero, Att. 5.1.3)
"So (passed) that day (ille dies)" (as opposed to the following one).
Sometimes the hyperbaton merely emphasises the adjective:
  • pro ingenti itaque victoria id fuit plebi. (Livy 4.54.6)
"The people saw this, therefore, as an enormous victory."[10]
  • magnam enim secum pecuniam portabat (Nepos, Hannibal, 9.2)
"for (enim) he was carrying a large sum of money (magnam pecuniam) with him (secum)".
  • magno cum fremitu et clamore (Cicero, to Atticus, 2.19.2)
"with (cum) a great deal of roaring and shouting"
The first word of the hyperbaton can also be an adverb, as in the following example:[11]
  • aeque vita iucunda (Cicero, de Finibus 4.30)
"a life (vita) equally pleasant (aeque iucunda).
In all the above examples, the first word of the hyperbaton can be said to be emphasised. The following is different, since there is no emphasis on sum "I am". Instead, the effect of emphasis is achieved by reversing the expected order ipse sum mensus to sum ipse mensus:
  • sum enim ipse mensus (Cicero, ad Quintum fratrem, 3.1.4)
"for I measured (sum mensus) it myself"
It is also possible for the noun to come first ("postmodifier hyperbaton"), as in the following:[12]
  • dies appetebat septimus (Caesar, B.G. 6.35.1)
"The seventh day was approaching"
  • Antonius legiones eduxit duas. (Cicero, ad Fam. 10.30.1)
"Antonius led out two legions."
The following even have a double hyperbaton:
  • cum ipse litteram Socrates nullam reliquisset. (Cicero, de Orat. 3.60)
"When Socrates himself didn't leave a single line of writing."
  • praeda potitus ingenti est (Livy 40.49.1)
"he took possession of an enormous amount of booty".
A hyperbaton can also be used to demonstrate a kind of picture shown in the text:
  • Hac in utramque partem disputatione habita" (Caesar, Bello Gallico 5.30)
"With the dispute being held unto either side" (showing an elegance to the dispute being on either side of the accusative prepositional phrase)
Another kind of hyperbaton is "genitive hyperbaton", in which one of the words is in the genitive case:[13]
  • contionem advocat militum (Caesar, Bellum Civile 2.32)
"He called a meeting of the soldiers."
In the following, a genitive hyperbaton and an adjectival hyperbaton are interleaved:
  • magnus omnium incessit timor animis (Caesar Bellum Civile 2.29)
"Great fear (magnus timor) overcame the minds of all of them (omnium animis)."
Another kind of hyperbaton (called "conjunct hyperbaton" by Devine and Stephens)[14] is found when a phrase consisting of two words joined by et ("and") is separated by another word:
  • Aspendus, vetus oppidum et nobile (Cicero, Verr. 2.1.53)
"Aspendus, an old town, and a noble one".
  • Faesulas inter Arretiumque (Livy, 22.3.3)
"Between Faesulae and Arretium".
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