Sunday, July 23, 2017

Tabula Rosa Systems Blog Of 7/23/2017 - Deductive vs Inductive Reasoning - What's the Difference?



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Deductive vs Inductive Reasoning - What's the Difference? 

An Overview of Two Different Approaches to Scientific Research 

by Ashley Crossman whatis.com
Updated July 13, 2017 

Deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning are two different approaches to conducting scientific research. With deductive reasoning, a researcher tests a theory by collecting and examining empirical evidence to see if it is true. With inductive reasoning, a researcher first gathers and analyzes data, then constructs a theory to explain her findings.

Within the field of sociology, researchers use both approaches, and often, the two are used in combination when conducting research and drawing conclusions from the results.

Deductive Reasoning Defined

Deductive reasoning is considered by many to be the standard for scientific research. Using this method, one begins with theory and hypotheses, then conducts research in order to test whether the theories and hypotheses can be proven true with specific cases. As such, this form of research begins at a general, abstract level, and then works its way down to a more specific and concrete level. With this form of reasoning, if something is found to be true for a category of things, then it is considered to be true for all things in that category in general.

An example within sociology of how deductive reasoning is applied is a 2014 study of whether biases of race or gender shape access to graduate-level education. A team of researchers used deductive reasoning to hypothesize that, due to the prevalence of racism in society, race would play a role in shaping how university professors respond to prospective graduate students who express interest in their research.

By tracking professor responses and lack of responses to imposter students, coded for race and gender by name, the researchers were able to prove their hypothesis true. They concluded, based on this research, that racial and gender biases are barriers that prevent equal access to graduate-level education across the U.S.

Inductive Reasoning Defined

Inductive reasoning begins with specific observations or real examples of events, trends, or social processes and progresses analytically to broader generalizations and theories based on those observed cases. This is sometimes called a “bottom up” approach because it starts with specific cases on the ground and works its way up to the abstract level of theory. With this method, once a researcher has identified patterns and trends amongst a set of data, he or she can then formulate some hypotheses to test, and finally develop some general conclusions or theories.

A classic example of inductive reasoning within sociology is the premise of Émile Durkheim's study of suicide. Considered one of the first works of social science research, the famous and widely taught book, Suicide, details how Durkheim created a sociological theory of suicide -- as opposed to a psychological one -- based on his scientific study of suicide rates among Catholics and Protestants. Durkheim found that suicide was more common among Protestants than Catholics, and he drew on his training in social theory to create some typologies of suicide and a general theory of how suicide rates fluctuate according to significant changes in social structure and norms.

However, while inductive reasoning is commonly used in scientific research, it is not always logically valid because it is not always accurate to assume that a general principle is correct based on a limited number of cases. Some critics have suggested that Durkheim's theory is not universally true because the trends he observed could possibly be explained by other phenomena particular to the region from which his data came.
By nature, inductive reasoning is more open-ended and exploratory, especially during the early stages. Deductive reasoning is more narrow and is generally used to test or confirm hypotheses. Most social research, however, involves both inductive and deductive reasoning throughout the research process. The scientific norm of logical reasoning provides a two-way bridge between theory and research.

In practice, this typically involves alternating between deduction and induction.
Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.
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